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Ram Concept - Load Combinations - "Key Loading Alt Envelope Factor" & "Alt Envelope Factor"

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The RAM Concept user manual page 110 has information about how the "Key loading factors" and "Key loading alt envelope factor" are applied. However, it does not clarify how these load factors are applied along with the "load factor" and "Alt envelope factor."

For example, where

  • The key load type is earthquake, with key load/key-load-alt factors of 1.0 and -1.0
  • The only loading case is Self-Dead, with Load factor/Alt-envelope-factor of 1.2 and 0.9

Are alts applied together, producing the following results?

  • 1.2D+1.0E
  • 0.9D-1.0E

Or are the alts considered independently, producing the following load combinations

  • 1.2D+1.0E
  • 1.2D-1.0E
  • 0.9D+1.0E
  • 0.9D-1.0E

Thanks for your feedback.


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